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Background: Saffron [Crocus sativus L.] has been traditionally used as a spice for coloring and flavoring in some countries cuisine. One of the main components of saffron is Crocin. Recent research have shown that crocin has various pharmacological effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of crocin on the Pituitary-Gonadal axis and Kiss-1 gene expression in hypothalamus and ovarian tissue organization in female Wistar rats
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 18 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Control group received normal saline and experimental groups received two different doses of crocin [100 and 200 mg/kg] every two days for 30 days. After the treatment period, blood samples were obtained from the heart and centrifuged. Next, the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH], estrogen and progesterone hormones were measured by ELISA assay. The ovarian tissues were removed and fixed for histological investigation. The hypothalamic Kiss-1 gene expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction [PCR]. All data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA
Results: A significant reduction [P=0.038] in the number of atretic graafian follicles [0.5 +/- 0.31] was observed in rats treated with 200 mg/kg crocin. In addition, estrogen concentration in experimental groups [35.04 +/- 0.85 and 36.18 +/- 0.69 in crocin 100 and 200 mg/kg groups, respectively] compared to control group [38.35 +/- 0.64] and progesterone concentration in rats treated with crocin 200 mg/kg [2.06 +/- 0.07] compared to control group [2.16 +/- 0.04], significantly decreased. Interestingly, relative expressions of Kiss-1 mRNA significantly decreased in experimental groups [0.00053 +/- 0.00051 and 0.0011 +/- 0.00066 in crocin 100 and 200 mg/kg groups, respectively] [P=0.000] compared to control group [1 +/- 0]
Conclusion: Crocin, at hypothalamic level, reduces Kiss-1 gene expression and it can prevent follicular atresia and reduce serum levels of estrogen and progesterone
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Background: DNA methylation is one the epigenetic mechanisms, which is critically involved in gene expression. This phenomenon is mediated by DNA methyl-transferases and is affected by environmental stress, including in vitro maturation [IVM] of oocytes. Melatonin, as an antioxidant, may theoretically be involved in epigenetic regulation via reductions of reactive oxygen species. This study was performed to investigate DNA methylation and the possibility of goat oocyte development after treatment with different concentrations of melatonin
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed to investigate DNA methylation and the possibility of goat oocyte development after treatment with different concentrations of melatonin. For this purpose, oocytes with granulated cytoplasm were selected and co-cultured with at least two layers of cumulus cells in maturation medium with 10-6M, 10-9M, 10-12M and 0-M [as control group] of melatonin. Nucleus status, glutathione content and developmental competence of the oocytes in each experimental group were assessed. Also, expression of genes associated with DNA methylation, including DNA methyltransferase 1 [DNMT1], DNA methyltransferase 3b [DNMT3b] and DNA methyltransferase 3a [DNMT3a] was evaluated by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]
Results: According to our findings, the percentage of oocytes that reached the M-II stage significantly increased in the 10-12 M group [P<0.05]. Also, a significant elevation of glutathione content was observed in melatonin-treated oocytes [P<0.05]. Analysis of blastocyst formation revealed that developmental competence of the oocytes was higher than the control group [P<0.05]. It was observed that melatonin treatment decreased expression levels of DNA methyltransferases [DNMTs] and global DNA methylation [P<0.05]. In addition, the expression of melatonin receptor1A [MTNR1A] was detected in both cumulus and oocyte by RT-PCR
Conclusion: The results suggested that in goat model melatonin affects DNA methylation pattern, leading to an improvement in the developmental competence of the oocytes
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Ophiocoma erinaceus Muller and Troschel [Ophiocomidae] is part of the extensive group of echinoderm that contains bioactive metabolites. As the anti cancer potential of brittle star saponin has not been reported against cervical cancer, the present study was conducted to evaluate the anticancer effect of extracted crude saponin. Saponin extraction was conducted using conventional method such as froth test, TLC, FTIR and erythrolysis assay. The Hela-S3 cervical carcinoma and HNCF-PI52 normal cells were treated with different concentrations of saponin fraction for 24 and 48 h. The cytotoxicity was examined by MTT, DAPI, AO/PI, Annexin V-FITC and flow cytometry. In addition, the apoptotic induced pathway was studied using caspase assay, evaluation of ROS generation and Bcl-2 mRNA level. Crude saponin showed cytotoxic properties in Hela-S3 cells [IC[50] of 23.4 micro g/mL] without significant impact against normal cells. In addition, the crude saponin increased sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of treated cells, ROS generation and caspase-3 and -9 activity [IC[50] of 11.10, 11.27 micro g/mL]. The dose dependent down regulation of Bcl-2 in treated cells demonstrated that saponin fraction can trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway in cancer cells. This study provides valuable information about the apoptotic inducing effect of saponin fraction, which can offer new insights into the anticancer potential of saponin as a promising candidate against human cervical carcinoma
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This study presents the first ever data of extracting chitin from the Chiton shell, which was then converted to the soluble chitosan by soaking in the 45% NaOH solution. The obtained chitin and chitosan were characterized by the seven different methods. Antioxidant activity of the extracted chitosan was also evaluated using the two methods. The shell content was divided into calcium carbonate [90.5 %], protein [5.2%], and chitin [4.3 %]. Due to the results of element analysis and 1H NMR, the final degree of deacetylation of chitosan was 90%. Surprisingly, a significant amount of Fe was accidentally found in the shell after demineralization, and removed from the solution through the filtering. Nonetheless, remained Fe in the extracted chitin and chitosan was 20 times higher than those previously reported from the shell of shrimps and crabs. Presence of this amount of Fe could describe why the produced chitosan was darker compared to the commercial chitosan. Antioxidant activity tests showed that the IC[50] of the extracted chitosan was higher than one estimated for the commercial chitosan. Antioxidant activity of the extracted chitosan is even better than the commercial version and may be used in pharmaceutical industry as a source of antioxidant
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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is a common but complex endocrine disorder and is the major cause of anovulation and consequent subfertility. In this study the effect of grape seed extract [GSE] on triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein-cholestrol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein-cholestrol [LDL-C] and interleukin-6 [IL-6] in PCOS Wistar rats were assessed
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 84 adult female Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups [n=12] including control [intact], Sham [estradiol valerate solvent injection], control PCOS and 4 experimental PCOS groups. To induce the syndrome, a single subcutaneous injection of 2 mg estradiol valerate was applied. In experimental groups, PCOS rats were treated with different doses of 50, 75, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight [BW] GSE by intraperitoneal injection for 10 consecutive days. After harvesting blood serum, TG was measured by Glycerol-3-phosphate Oxidase-Peoxidase [GPO-PAP], TC by Cholesterol Oxidase-Peroxidase [CHOD-PAP], and HDL-C by sedimentation method, LDL-C by Friedwald calculation and IL-6 by ELISA method. The serum values of each parameter were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at P<0.05
Results: In all experimental groups significant decrease of visceral fat was obvious as compared with control PCOS group. LDL-C, TC and IL-6 levels in experimental groups, particularly at dose of 50 mg/kg of GSE, were significantly decreased as compared with PCOS group. However, HDL-C levels were not significantly changed
Conclusion: : According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that GSE with its effects on serum TC, LDL-C and IL-6 could reduce the effects of dyslipidemia and inflammation in PCOS rats and improve systemic symptoms of PCOS
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Background: The rapid development of nanotechnology has given rise to broad applications of nanoparticles [NPs] in biomedicine. This material is distributed in all parts of the body, rapidly after injection, by circulation and reach to all organs and tissues. Before their application as medicine, toxic effects of them on human and animals should be assessed. In this study, the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle on histopathological changes of epididymis in adult male mice was investigated
Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 30 adult male NMRI mice were used. The animals were assigned as control, sham and three experimental groups [n=6]. Sham and experimental groups received 1ml of distilled water and experimental animals received different doses of nano zinc oxide [250, 500 and 700 mg/kg, i.p. injection, respectively]. Treatments was performed for one day. After a week, effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle on histopathological changes of epididym tissue were studied. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test
Results: Administration of zinc oxide nanoparticle in 250 mg/kg dose caused significant reduction in the number of sperm cells. Also, zinc oxide nanoparticle in 250 mg/kg dose lead to degenerated epididymis cells in epididymis tubules. There were no significant changes in diameter of epididymis tubules and number of epididymis tubules
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles may cause adverse effects on the reproductive system. So, we recommend to avoid using products containing nanoparticles of zinc oxide
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Background: Quantum dots [QDs] are new types of fluorescent materials for biological labeling. QDs toxicity study is an essential requirement for future clinical applications. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate cytotoxic effects of CdSe: ZnS QDs on male reproductive system
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the different concentrations of CdSe: ZnS QDs [10, 20 and 40 mg/kg] were injected to 32 male mice [adult group] and 24 pregnant mice [embryo group] on day 8 of gestation. The histological changes of testis and epididymis were studied by a light microscopy, and the number of seminiferous tubules between two groups was compared. One-way analysis of variance [one-way Anova] using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS, SPSS Inc., USA] version 16 were performed for statistical analysis
Results: In adult group, histological studies of testis tissues showed a high toxicity of CdSe: ZnS in 40 mg/kg dose followed by a decrease in lamina propria; destruction in interstitial tissue; deformation of seminiferous tubules; and a reduction in number of spermatogonia, sper-matocytes, and spermatids. However, there was an interesting result in fetal testis development, meaning there was no significant effect on morphology and structure of the seminiferous tubules and number of sperm stem cells. Also histological study of epididymis tissues in both groups [adult and embryo groups] showed no significant effect on morphology and structure of tubule and epithelial cells, but there was a considerable reduction in number of spermatozoa in the lumen of the epididymal duct in 40 mg/kg dose of adult group
Conclusion: The toxicity of QDs on testicular tissue of the mice embryo and adult are different before and after puberty. Due to lack of research in this field, this study can be an introduction to evaluate the toxicity of QDs on male reproduction system in different stages of development
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Background: Burn is one of the factors in the spread of disease. To treat burns, several topical medications are required. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of topical nano zinc oxide on skin burns of adult female mice of NMRI
Materials and methods: 30 adult female mice of the NMRI were placed in groups of control1[without burns], control2 [burns without healing], sham [burns distilled water tween 20], experimental 1 [burns and distilled zinc oxide 300mg], and experimental 2 [burns and distilled zinc oxide 500mg]. In sterile conditions and anesthesia, a wound was created with diameter of one centimeter on the back of each mouse. The mice were treated for 21 days and were easy to draw. The thickness of the horny layer, epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, number of hair follicles and number of dermic vessels and vessel diameter, the diameter of the wound and scar was evaluated
Results: Diameter of scar in all groups revealed reduction [P<0.001] compared to control 2. Thickness of horny epiderm significantly increased [p <0.001] in groups of control 1, sham, experimental 1, and 2 compared to control 2. The thickness of the hypoderm increased in groups of sham [p<0.01], control 1, experimental 1, and 2 [P<0.001] compared to control 2. Thickness of the dermis was larger in groups of control 1, sham, experimental 1, and 2 [P <0.001] in comparison of control 2 group. The number of hair follicles was decreased in control 1 group [P<0.01] and increased in groups of sham [p<0.01], and experimental 1 and 2 [P <0.001] compared to control 2. There were no significant differences in the number of dermic vessels and the diameter of dermic vessels between groups
Conclusion: Results showed that nano zinc oxide had good effects on burned skin layers and hair follicles
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Objective: the label and detection of cells injected into target tissues is an area of focus for researchers. Iron oxide nanoparticles can be used to label cells as they have special characteristics. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on human-derived amniotic membrane stem cell [hAMCs] survival and to investigate the magnetic properties of these nanoparticles with increased contrast in magnetic reso-nance imaging [MRI]
Materials and Methods: in this experimental study, we initially isolated mesenchymal stem cells from amniotic membranes and analyzed them by flow cytometry. In addition, we synthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles [SPIONs] and characterized them by various methods. The SPIONs were incubated with hAMCs at concentrations of 25-800 [micro]g/mL. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles on hAMCs was measured by the MTT assay. Next, we evaluated the effectiveness of the magnetic nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents. Solutions of SPION were prepared in water at different iron concentrations for relaxivity measurements by a 1.5 Tesla clinical MRI instrument
Results: the isolated cells showed an adherent spindle shaped morphology. Polyethylene glycol [PEG]-coated SPIONs exhibited a spherical morphology. The average particle size was 20 nm and magnetic saturation was 60 emu/g. Data analysis showed no significant reduction in the percentage of viable cells [97.86 +/- 0.41%] after 72 hours at the 125 [micro]g/ml concentration compared with the control. The relaxometry results of this SPION showed a transverse relaxivity of 6.966 [[micro]g/ml.s][-1]
Conclusion: SPIONs coated with PEG used in this study at suitable concentrations had excellent labeling efficiency and biocompatibility for hAMCs
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There are several factors, like environmental agents, neurotrophic factors, serotonin and some hormones such as estrogen, affecting neurogenesis and neural differentiation. Regarding to importance of proliferation and regeneration in central nervous system, and a progressive increase in neurodegenerative diseases, cell therapy is an attractive approach in neuroscience. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of sex steroid hormones and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF] on neuronal differentiation of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [BM-MSCs]. This experimental study was established in Kharazmi University. BM was isolated from the bones of femur and tibia of 4-6-week old Naval Medical Research Institute [NMRI] mice, and the cells were cultured. The cells were divided into following 4 groups based on the applied treatments: I. control [no treatment], II. steroid hormones [beta-estradiol, progesterone and testosterone], III. bFGF and IV. combination of steroid hormones and bFGF. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometery analyses were applied for beta III-tubulin [beta-III tubulin] and microtubule-associated proteins-2 [MAP-2] in 4 days of treatment for all groups. The cells treated with combination of bFGF and steroid hormones represented more expressions of neural markers as compared to control and to other two groups treated with either bFGF or steroid hormones. This study showed that BM-MSCs can express specific neural markers after receiving bFGF pretreatment that was followed by sex steroid hormones treatment. More investigations are necessary to specify whether steroid hormones and bFGF can be con-sidered for treatment of CNS diseases and disorders
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There is a wide application of titanium dioxide [TiO[2]] nanoparticles [NPs] in industry. These particles are used in various products, and they also has biological effects on cells and organs through direct contact. In this experimental research, the effect of TiO[2] on chondrogenesis of forelimb buds of mice embryos was assessed in in vivo condition. Concentrations of 30, 150 and 500 mg/kg body weight [BW] TiO[2] NPs [20 nm size] dissolved in distilled water were injected intraperitoneally to Naval Medical Research Institute [NMRI] mice on day 11.5 of gestation. On day 15, limb buds were amputated from the embryos and skeletogeneis of limb buds were studied. TiO[2] NPs caused the significant changes in chondrocytes in the following developmental stages: resting, proliferating, hypertrophy, degenerating, perichondrium and mesenchymal cells. Decreased number of mesenchymal cells and increased level of chondrocytes were observed after the injection of different concentrations of TiO[2], which proves the unpredictable effects of TiO[2] on limb buds. Results of the present study showed TiO[2] NPs accelerated the chondrogenesis of limb buds, but further studies are recommended to predict TiO[2] toxicity effects on organogenesis
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Different investigation showed that 5-methoxypsoralen and 8- methoxypsoralen reduce birth rates in the rats. In this study we worked out the effect of methoxsalen together with ultraviolent A [UVA] radiation on mature Balb/C mice spermatogenesis. The LD50 standard was determined 160 mg/kg and the UVA dose which causes erythema was calculated 0.046 J/cm2. A sub-lethal dose of 80 mg/kg of methoxsalen solution was injected intrapritoneally to mature mice and after one hour they were exposed to UVA radiation for 20 minutes. Experiments applied included methoxsalen alone, methoxsalen with UVA, UVA alone, sham group [a group received Tween 80], and control group [N=6]. In all experimental groups except UVA alone group, injections were carried out, during two consecutive weeks. Serial cross sections [5 [micro]m thickness] were prepared for morphological and histological studies. Tunica albuginea diameter, and number of type A and type B spermatogonia and histological investigation of the testes were measured. Microscopical and statistical analyses showed significant anomalies among the experimental groups compared to control and sham group. These anomalies included decrease the body weight; increase the relative testis weight; and decrease the number of spermapogonia [type A and B], primary spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms in experimental groups I and II compared to control group. Our results showed the number of spermatozoa in experimental group I was 22.6 +/- 2.12, in experimental group II was 33.6 +/- 2.05 and in control group was 44.3 +/- 2.77 [p<0.05]. Moreover in some experimental groups [I and II] shrinkage of seminiferous tubules and release of primary spermatocyte and spermatids were observed to the lumen of them. It is concluded from the results of this work that treatment with methoxsalen with UVA can damage and disorganize seminiferous tubules and decrease spermatogenic cells
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Objective: Oximes are important materials in organic chemistry. Synparamethyl benzaldehyde oxime [toloaldoxime] is structurally similar to other oximes, hence we have studied its effects on the neonatal and adult female Balb/c mice reproductive systems in order to provide a platform for future studies on the production of female contraceptive drugs
Materials and Methods: In experimental study, we studied the effects of toloaldoxime on ovary growth and gonadal hormones of neonatal and adult Balb/c mice. A regression model for prediction was presented
Results: The effects of toloaldoxime on neonatal mice were more than adult mice. The greatest effect was on the number of Graafian follicles [59.6% in adult mice and 31.83% in neonatal mice]. The least effect was on ovary weight, and blood serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH]
Conclusion: According to the data obtained, toloaldoxime can be considered an anti-pregnancy substance
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Development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has led to designing scaffolds and their modification to provide a better microenvironment which mimics the natural niche of the cells. Gelatin surface modification was applied to improve scaffold flexibility and cytocompatibility. PLLA/PCL aligned fibrous scaffold was fabricated using electrospinning method. ADSCs were seeded after O[2] plasma treatment and gelatin coating of the scaffolds. The morphological and mechanical properties of blends were assessed by Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM], tensile test and ATR-FTIR. The cells proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. Based on the results, it is supposed that gelatin coating is a brilliant method of surface modification which significantly increases the mechanical properties of scaffold without any changes on the construction or on the direction of nanofibers which conducts cell's elongation. MTT analysis exhibited that ADSCs attachment, viability and proliferation significantly [p<0.05] increased after gelatin treatment. Gelatin surface modification is a highly beneficial method to improve cytocompatibility, flexibility and mechanical features of the scaffolds which doesn't affect the nanofibers construction. Proliferation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells [ADSCs] as a remarkable source of stem cells was investigated for the first time on PLLA/PCL hybrid scaffold
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Gelatina , Células Madre , Tejido Adiposo , Nanofibras , Ingeniería de TejidosRESUMEN
The rat pheochromocytoma cell line [PC 12] differentiates and converts into neuron-like cells in in vitro condition under inductive factors. Researchers have shown that different growth factors, like neurotrophic giowth factor [NGF] and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF], have different effects in proliferation, survival and differentiation of the cells. It was hypothesized that porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds support the formation of complex 3D tissues during differentiation of PC12 cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nanofibrous scaffold PCL/gelatin on neuronal differentiation of PC 12 cells. In this basic study the PC12 cells were seeded on PCL/gelatin under identical media and growth factor supplementation conditions. Gene expression including Nestin and Map2 [Microtubule-associated protein 2] was analyzed using quantitative RT-PCR and immunostaining. Cellular morphology was analyzed with light microscopy; sphere ultra structure was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. PC 12 cells could efficiently differentiate into neuron-like cells on 3D culture and PCL/gelatin scaffold had no adverse effect and toxicity on PC 12 cells. Using tissue engineering provides a potential mechanism for creating viable human neural tissue structures for future therapeutic applications in neural pathologies such Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and Glaucoma
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Skeletal muscle is a highly differentiated tissue with very specific functions which has low potential of regeneration. Skeletal muscle injuries especially in athletes almost have lead to muscular dysfunctions and healing may be prolonged for several years. Therefore, working on skeletal muscle differentiation remained an importance in biomedical researches. Adipose derived stem cells [ADSCs] are novel source of mesenchymal stem cells which are an excellent alternative for satellite cells in in-vitro skeletal muscle differentiation. Differentiation potential of ADSCs on both tissue culture plate [TCP] and also on Poly l-lactide acid [PLLA] electrospun fibrous nano-scaffold which now is widely used at tissue engineering investigations has studied in this research. Scanning electron microscopy [SEM] and Tensile test were performed for evaluating scaffold properties. Hydrocortisone has considered a critical factors for skeletal muscle differentiation while, the recommended concentrations of it for inducing myogenesis in stem cells is yet discussing. Statistical analysis of our results from colorimetric MTT assay for various concentrations of hydrocortisone showed that the concentration of 10[-7] mol/L is the optimum dose for myogenic differentiation of murine ADSCs which was used on both TCP and PLLA scaffolds and skeletal myosin fiber formations was confirmed with immunocytochemistry. DAPI staining proved myocytes nuclei and syncytium formations. Our results also showed that ADSCs and PLLA nano-scaffolds are the suitable biomaterials for engineering skeletal muscle tissue
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Human induced pluripotent stem cells [iPSCs] have been shown to have promising capacity for stem cell therapy and tissue engineering applications. Therefore, it is essential to compare the ability of these cells with the commonly used mesenchymal stem cells [MSC] for bone tissue engineering in vitro. In this experimental study, the biological behavior and osteogenic capacity of the iPSCs were compared with MSCs isolated from human adipose tissue [AT-MSCs] using 3-[4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] assay, Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase [ALP] activity measurements, calcium content assay and common osteogenic-related genes. Data were reported as the mean +/- SD. One-way analysis of variance [ANOVA] was used to compare the results. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was a significant difference between the rate of proliferation of the two types of stem cells; iPSCs showed increased proliferation compared to AT-MSCs. During osteogenic differentiation, ALP activity and mineralization were demonstrated to be significantly higher in iPSCs. Although AT-MSCs expressed higher levels of Runx2, iPSCs expressed higher levels of osteonection and osteocalcin during differentiation. iPSCs showed a higher capacity for osteogenic differentiation and hold promising potential for bone tissue engineering and cell therapy applications
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Humanos , Tejido Adiposo , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Ingeniería de Tejidos , Técnicas In Vitro , Citometría de Flujo , Fosfatasa Alcalina , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
Human endometrium contains mesenchymal stem cells [eMSC] which have the ability to differentiate into three cell lineages and the potential in therapeutic applications. We hypothesize that using environmental induction in culture media such as dexamethasone. human recombinant insulin and human epidermal growth factor [hEGF] can differentiate endometrial stem cells into myoblast. These agents have a broad range of effects in myoblast differentiation in-vitro. We used immunohystochemistry analysis and RT -PCR to evaluate the presence of skeletal muscle - specific proteins some of which are expressed in the early stage of differentiation including myoD and Desmin which expressed at later stages of differentiation. In conclusion eMSC can differentiate in culture media which contains above mentioned factors and use for therapeutic purpose in muscular degenerative disease
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Studies have shown that any disruption in wnt signaling pathway is associated with Alzheimer disease [AD]. One of the important molecules involved in activation or inactivation of this pathway is GSK3beta [glycogen syntase kinase3beta]. The main goal of this study was to evaluate GSK3beta phosphorylation by treatment of cells with dihydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], a kind of neurosteroid that decreases in the brain with aging. In this experimental study, neural progenitor cells were obtained from mouse embryos brain. Then, these cells were treated with 1microm concentration of DHEA for 48h. After 48h, the phosphorylation of GSK3beta was analyzed by immunocytochemistry. DHEA increased phosphorylation of GSK3beta in neural cells treated by DHEA, whole in control group, we could not detect the expression of GSK3beta. DHEA can increase phosphorylation of GSK3beta in neural cells and inactivation of GSK3beta can help to cure AD
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The field of nanotechnology is rapidly expanding .The development quantum dots quantum dot [QDs], show great promise for treatment and diagnosis of cancer and targeted drug delivery little data on the toxicity of QDs, especially for in vivo applications, are available. As a result, concerns exist over their toxicity for in vivo applications. Then, cytotoxic effects of cadmium selenide [CdSe] quantum dots on organs development before maturity were studied in this study. One month old male Mice treated by injection of CdSe at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. Structural and optical properties of quantum dots were studied by XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectrum and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and the number of cells in seminiferous tubes of various groups were analyzed using SPSS 16 program [one way ANOVA test]. Histological studies of testis tissue showed high toxicity of cdse in the dose of 40 mg/kg which followed by decrease in lamina propria thickness, destruction in interstitial tissue, deformation of seminiferoustubes, and reduction in number cells. Also histological study of lung tissue showed in 20 and 40 mg/kg doses destruction in interstitial and epithelium tissues. On the whole, this study showed high toxicity of cdse on development of testis and lung tissues, even in low doses considering lack of literature review in this field, this study can be an introduction to researches about toxicity effect of quantum dots on development of organs